北京刑事辩护律师：中国虚假诉讼罪的法律规定——Legal provisions on the crime of false litigation in China.

这是徐鸿鹏律师个人法律博客第2篇文章【公司纠纷与刑事辩护】

Author Introduction: Lawyer Xu Hongpeng, Senior Partner at Long’an (Shenzhen) Law Firm in Beijing, previously worked in the Anti-Corruption and Bribery Bureau of a procuratorate in Beijing. Member of the Shenzhen Lawyers Association’s Committee for Defense of Corporate Crimes, and Deputy Director of the Administrative Law Professional Committee at Long’an Law Firm in Beijing. Specializes in commercial dispute resolution, cross-border/international legal services, criminal defense involving cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, criminal compliance, and serving as legal counsel for government and enterprises. Handles a significant number of related cases. We are accustomed to identifying corporate risks from both commercial and criminal perspectives, facilitating the mutual progress of businesses and legal practitioners. For legal consultations, contact via phone/WeChat: 13691688640. Personal legal website: www.xuhongpenglvshi.com

本文，我们将介绍虚假诉讼罪的构成要件，以及司法解释规定。

In this article, we will introduce the constitutive elements of the crime of false litigation, as well as the provisions of judicial interpretations.

一、刑法规定 I. Provisions of the Criminal Law

中华人民共和国刑法（2023修正）

第三百零七条之一 以捏造的事实提起民事诉讼，妨害司法秩序或者严重侵害他人合法权益的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并处或者单处罚金；情节严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。

单位犯前款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员，依照前款的规定处罚。

有第一款行为，非法占有他人财产或者逃避合法债务，又构成其他犯罪的，依照处罚较重的规定定罪从重处罚。

司法工作人员利用职权，与他人共同实施前三款行为的，从重处罚；同时构成其他犯罪的，依照处罚较重的规定定罪从重处罚。

Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revised in 2023)

Article 307-1: Fabricating facts to initiate civil litigation, thereby disrupting judicial order or seriously infringing upon the legitimate rights and interests of others, shall be punished with imprisonment for up to three years, detention, or control, and may also be fined or fined alone; if the circumstances are serious, imprisonment for more than three years but less than seven years, and may be fined.

For units committing the crimes prescribed in the preceding paragraph, they shall be fined, and the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

For those who engage in the conduct specified in paragraph 1, illegally occupy the property of others or evade legitimate debts, and also constitute other crimes, they shall be convicted and punished more severely in accordance with the heavier punishment.

Judicial personnel who abuse their powers to engage in the behaviors specified in the preceding three paragraphs in collaboration with others shall be punished more severely; if they concurrently constitute other crimes, they shall be convicted and punished more severely in accordance with the heavier punishment.

二、司法解释规定 II. Provisions of Judicial Interpretations

第一条　采取伪造证据、虚假陈述等手段，实施下列行为之一，捏造民事法律关系，虚构民事纠纷，向人民法院提起民事诉讼的，应当认定为刑法第三百零七条之一第一款规定的“以捏造的事实提起民事诉讼”：

（一）与夫妻一方恶意串通，捏造夫妻共同债务的；

（二）与他人恶意串通，捏造债权债务关系和以物抵债协议的；

（三）与公司、企业的法定代表人、董事、监事、经理或者其他管理人员恶意串通，捏造公司、企业债务或者担保义务的；

（四）捏造知识产权侵权关系或者不正当竞争关系的；

（五）在破产案件审理过程中申报捏造的债权的；

（六）与被执行人恶意串通，捏造债权或者对查封、扣押、冻结财产的优先权、担保物权的；

（七）单方或者与他人恶意串通，捏造身份、合同、侵权、继承等民事法律关系的其他行为。

隐瞒债务已经全部清偿的事实，向人民法院提起民事诉讼，要求他人履行债务的，以“以捏造的事实提起民事诉讼”论。

向人民法院申请执行基于捏造的事实作出的仲裁裁决、公证债权文书，或者在民事执行过程中以捏造的事实对执行标的提出异议、申请参与执行财产分配的，属于刑法第三百零七条之一第一款规定的“以捏造的事实提起民事诉讼”。

第二条　以捏造的事实提起民事诉讼，有下列情形之一的，应当认定为刑法第三百零七条之一第一款规定的“妨害司法秩序或者严重侵害他人合法权益”：

（一）致使人民法院基于捏造的事实采取财产保全或者行为保全措施的；

（二）致使人民法院开庭审理，干扰正常司法活动的；

（三）致使人民法院基于捏造的事实作出裁判文书、制作财产分配方案，或者立案执行基于捏造的事实作出的仲裁裁决、公证债权文书的；

（四）多次以捏造的事实提起民事诉讼的；

（五）曾因以捏造的事实提起民事诉讼被采取民事诉讼强制措施或者受过刑事追究的；

（六）其他妨害司法秩序或者严重侵害他人合法权益的情形。

第三条　以捏造的事实提起民事诉讼，有下列情形之一的，应当认定为刑法第三百零七条之一第一款规定的“情节严重”：

（一）有本解释第二条第一项情形，造成他人经济损失一百万元以上的；

（二）有本解释第二条第二项至第四项情形之一，严重干扰正常司法活动或者严重损害司法公信力的；

（三）致使义务人自动履行生效裁判文书确定的财产给付义务或者人民法院强制执行财产权益，数额达到一百万元以上的；

（四）致使他人债权无法实现，数额达到一百万元以上的；

（五）非法占有他人财产，数额达到十万元以上的；

（六）致使他人因为不执行人民法院基于捏造的事实作出的判决、裁定，被采取刑事拘留、逮捕措施或者受到刑事追究的；

（七）其他情节严重的情形。

第四条　实施刑法第三百零七条之一第一款行为，非法占有他人财产或者逃避合法债务，又构成诈骗罪，职务侵占罪，拒不执行判决、裁定罪，贪污罪等犯罪的，依照处罚较重的规定定罪从重处罚。

第五条　司法工作人员利用职权，与他人共同实施刑法第三百零七条之一前三款行为的，从重处罚；同时构成滥用职权罪，民事枉法裁判罪，执行判决、裁定滥用职权罪等犯罪的，依照处罚较重的规定定罪从重处罚。

第六条　诉讼代理人、证人、鉴定人等诉讼参与人与他人通谋，代理提起虚假民事诉讼、故意作虚假证言或者出具虚假鉴定意见，共同实施刑法第三百零七条之一前三款行为的，依照共同犯罪的规定定罪处罚；同时构成妨害作证罪，帮助毁灭、伪造证据罪等犯罪的，依照处罚较重的规定定罪从重处罚。

第七条　采取伪造证据等手段篡改案件事实，骗取人民法院裁判文书，构成犯罪的，依照刑法第二百八十条、第三百零七条等规定追究刑事责任。

第八条　单位实施刑法第三百零七条之一第一款行为的，依照本解释规定的定罪量刑标准，对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员定罪处罚，并对单位判处罚金。

第九条　实施刑法第三百零七条之一第一款行为，未达到情节严重的标准，行为人系初犯，在民事诉讼过程中自愿具结悔过，接受人民法院处理决定，积极退赃、退赔的，可以认定为犯罪情节轻微，不起诉或者免予刑事处罚；确有必要判处刑罚的，可以从宽处罚。

司法工作人员利用职权，与他人共同实施刑法第三百零七条之一第一款行为的，对司法工作人员不适用本条第一款规定。

第十条　虚假诉讼刑事案件由虚假民事诉讼案件的受理法院所在地或者执行法院所在地人民法院管辖。有刑法第三百零七条之一第四款情形的，上级人民法院可以指定下级人民法院将案件移送其他人民法院审判。

第十一条　本解释所称裁判文书，是指人民法院依照民事诉讼法、企业破产法等民事法律作出的判决、裁定、调解书、支付令等文书。

Article 1: Using fabricated evidence or false statements to initiate civil litigation, thereby fabricating civil legal relationships, inventing civil disputes, and filing civil lawsuits with the People’s Court shall be deemed as “initiating civil litigation with fabricated facts” as prescribed in Article 307-1(1) of the Criminal Law:

(1) Colluding maliciously with one party of a marriage to fabricate joint debts of the spouses;

(2) Colluding maliciously with others to fabricate creditor-debtor relationships and agreements for debt settlement by property transfer;

(3) Colluding maliciously with legal representatives, directors, supervisors, managers, or other managerial personnel of companies or enterprises to fabricate corporate debts or guarantee obligations;

(4) Fabricating intellectual property infringement relationships or unfair competition relationships;

(5) Filing fabricated claims in bankruptcy proceedings;

(6) Colluding maliciously with the debtor to fabricate creditor’s rights or priority rights to seized, impounded, or frozen property;

(7) Unilaterally or colluding maliciously with others to fabricate other civil legal relationships such as identity, contracts, infringements, inheritance, etc.

Concealing the fact that the debt has been fully repaid and filing civil litigation with the People’s Court to demand performance of the debt by others shall be considered as “initiating civil litigation with fabricated facts”.

Applying to the People’s Court for enforcement of arbitration awards or notarial debt instruments based on fabricated facts, or objecting to the execution target or applying to participate in the distribution of executed property with fabricated facts during civil enforcement shall be deemed as “initiating civil litigation with fabricated facts” as prescribed in Article 307-1(1) of the Criminal Law.

Article 2: Initiating civil litigation with fabricated facts, under any of the following circumstances, shall be deemed as “disrupting judicial order or seriously infringing upon the legitimate rights and interests of others” as prescribed in Article 307-1(1) of the Criminal Law:

(1) Causing the People’s Court to take property preservation or conduct preservation measures based on fabricated facts;

(2) Causing the People’s Court to hold court hearings and disrupting normal judicial activities;

(3) Causing the People’s Court to make judgments, issue property distribution plans, or enforce arbitration awards or notarial debt instruments based on fabricated facts;

(4) Repeatedly filing civil lawsuits with fabricated facts;

(5) Having been subject to compulsory measures in civil litigation or criminal prosecution due to initiating civil litigation with fabricated facts;

(6) Other circumstances that disrupt judicial order or seriously infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of others.

Article 3: Initiating civil litigation with fabricated facts, under any of the following circumstances, shall be deemed as “seriously” as prescribed in Article 307-1(1) of the Criminal Law:

(1) Causing economic losses to others of more than one million yuan under the circumstances listed in Article 2(1) of this Interpretation;

(2) Seriously disrupting normal judicial activities or seriously undermining judicial credibility under any of the circumstances listed in Article 2(2) to (4) of this Interpretation;

(3) Causing the obligated person to voluntarily perform the property payment obligation determined by the effective judgment, or the People’s Court to enforce property rights, with a value exceeding one million yuan;

(4) Causing others’ creditor’s rights to become unenforceable, with a value exceeding one million yuan;

(5) Illegally occupying others’ property, with a value exceeding one hundred thousand yuan;

(6) Causing others to be subject to criminal detention, arrest, or criminal prosecution for not executing judgments or orders made by the People’s Court based on fabricated facts;

(7) Other serious circumstances.

Article 4: If the act prescribed in Article 307-1(1) of the Criminal Law involves illegal possession of others’ property or evasion of legal debts, and also constitutes the crime of fraud, embezzlement in duty, refusal to execute judgments or orders, or bribery, the heavier punishment shall be imposed in accordance with the heavier punishment.

Article 5: Judicial personnel who abuse their powers to collude with others in committing the acts prescribed in the preceding three paragraphs of Article 307-1(1) of the Criminal Law shall be punished more severely; if they concurrently constitute crimes such as abuse of power, judicial injustice, or abuse of power in executing judgments, the heavier punishment shall be imposed in accordance with the heavier punishment.

Article 6: If litigation agents, witnesses, appraisers, and other litigation participants conspire with others to file false civil lawsuits, intentionally make false testimonies, or issue false appraisal opinions, and jointly commit the acts prescribed in the preceding three paragraphs of Article 307-1(1) of the Criminal Law, they shall be convicted and punished according to the provisions on joint crimes; if they also constitute crimes such as obstructing testimony or aiding in destruction or fabrication of evidence, the heavier punishment shall be imposed in accordance with the heavier punishment.

Article 7: If someone uses fabricated evidence or other means to tamper with case facts and deceive the People’s Court into issuing judgments, constituting a crime, they shall be held criminally liable in accordance with Article 280 and Article 307 of the Criminal Law and other relevant provisions.

Article 8: If a unit commits the acts prescribed in Article 307-1(1) of the Criminal Law, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be convicted and punished according to the standards for conviction and sentencing provided in this Interpretation, and the unit shall be fined.

Article 9: If the act prescribed in Article 307-1(1) of the Criminal Law does not meet the standard of being “serious,” the offender has no previous convictions, voluntarily admits guilt during the civil litigation process, accepts the People’s Court’s decision, and actively returns the stolen property or compensates for the losses, it may be deemed as a minor crime, and no prosecution or criminal punishment may be imposed; if it is necessary to impose a penalty, leniency may be granted.

Judicial personnel who abuse their powers to collude with others in committing the act prescribed in Article 307-1(1) of the Criminal Law shall not be subject to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Article 10: Criminal cases of false litigation shall be under the jurisdiction of the People’s Court where the false civil litigation case is accepted or where the enforcement court is located. In the case described in Article 307-1(4) of the Criminal Law, the superior People’s Court may designate a lower-level People’s Court to transfer the case to another People’s Court for trial.

Article 11: The term “judgment” referred to in this Interpretation refers to judgments, rulings, mediation agreements, payment orders, and other documents made by the People’s Court in accordance with the Civil Procedure Law, the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, and other civil laws.

三、《关于进一步加强虚假诉讼犯罪惩治工作的意见》III. “Opinions on Further Strengthening the Punishment of False Litigation Crimes”

第一章 总则

第一条　  为了进一步加强虚假诉讼犯罪惩治工作，维护司法公正和司法权威，保护自然人、法人和非法人组织的合法权益，促进社会诚信建设，根据《中华人民共和国刑法》《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》和《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理虚假诉讼刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》等规定，结合工作实际，制定本意见。

第二条　  本意见所称虚假诉讼犯罪，是指行为人单独或者与他人恶意串通，采取伪造证据、虚假陈述等手段，捏造民事案件基本事实，虚构民事纠纷，向人民法院提起民事诉讼，妨害司法秩序或者严重侵害他人合法权益，依照法律应当受刑罚处罚的行为。

第三条　  人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关、司法行政机关应当按照法定职责分工负责、配合协作，加强沟通协调，在履行职责过程中发现可能存在虚假诉讼犯罪的，应当及时相互通报情况，共同防范和惩治虚假诉讼犯罪。

第二章　虚假诉讼犯罪的甄别和发现

第四条　  实施《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理虚假诉讼刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第一条第一款、第二款规定的捏造事实行为，并有下列情形之一的，应当认定为刑法第三百零七条之一第一款规定的“以捏造的事实提起民事诉讼”：

（一）提出民事起诉的；

（二）向人民法院申请宣告失踪、宣告死亡，申请认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力，申请认定财产无主，申请确认调解协议，申请实现担保物权，申请支付令，申请公示催告的；

（三）在民事诉讼过程中增加独立的诉讼请求、提出反诉，有独立请求权的第三人提出与本案有关的诉讼请求的；

（四）在破产案件审理过程中申报债权的；

（五）案外人申请民事再审的；

（六）向人民法院申请执行仲裁裁决、公证债权文书的；

（七）案外人在民事执行过程中对执行标的提出异议，债权人在民事执行过程中申请参与执行财产分配的；

（八）以其他手段捏造民事案件基本事实，虚构民事纠纷，提起民事诉讼的。

第五条　  对于下列虚假诉讼犯罪易发的民事案件类型，人民法院、人民检察院在履行职责过程中应当予以重点关注：

（一）民间借贷纠纷案件；

（二）涉及房屋限购、机动车配置指标调控的以物抵债案件；

（三）以离婚诉讼一方当事人为被告的财产纠纷案件；

（四）以已经资不抵债或者已经被作为被执行人的自然人、法人和非法人组织为被告的财产纠纷案件；

（五）以拆迁区划范围内的自然人为当事人的离婚、分家析产、继承、房屋买卖合同纠纷案件；

（六）公司分立、合并和企业破产纠纷案件；

（七）劳动争议案件；

（八）涉及驰名商标认定的案件；

（九）其他需要重点关注的民事案件。

第六条　  民事诉讼当事人有下列情形之一的，人民法院、人民检察院在履行职责过程中应当依法严格审查，及时甄别和发现虚假诉讼犯罪：

（一）原告起诉依据的事实、理由不符合常理，存在伪造证据、虚假陈述可能的；

（二）原告诉请司法保护的诉讼标的额与其自身经济状况严重不符的；

（三）在可能影响案外人利益的案件中，当事人之间存在近亲属关系或者关联企业等共同利益关系的；

（四）当事人之间不存在实质性民事权益争议和实质性诉辩对抗的；

（五）一方当事人对于另一方当事人提出的对其不利的事实明确表示承认，且不符合常理的；

（六）认定案件事实的证据不足，但双方当事人主动迅速达成调解协议，请求人民法院制作调解书的；

（七）当事人自愿以价格明显不对等的财产抵付债务的；

（八）民事诉讼过程中存在其他异常情况的。

第七条　  民事诉讼代理人、证人、鉴定人等诉讼参与人有下列情形之一的，人民法院、人民检察院在履行职责过程中应当依法严格审查，及时甄别和发现虚假诉讼犯罪：

（一）诉讼代理人违规接受对方当事人或者案外人给付的财物或者其他利益，与对方当事人或者案外人恶意串通，侵害委托人合法权益的；

（二）故意提供虚假证据，指使、引诱他人伪造、变造证据、提供虚假证据或者隐匿、毁灭证据的；

（三）采取其他不正当手段干扰民事诉讼活动正常进行的。

第三章　线索移送和案件查处

第八条　  人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关发现虚假诉讼犯罪的线索来源包括：

（一）民事诉讼当事人、诉讼代理人和其他诉讼参与人、利害关系人、其他自然人、法人和非法人组织的报案、控告、举报和法律监督申请；

（二）被害人有证据证明对被告人通过实施虚假诉讼行为侵犯自己合法权益的行为应当依法追究刑事责任，且有证据证明曾经提出控告，而公安机关或者人民检察院不予追究被告人刑事责任，向人民法院提出的刑事自诉；

（三）人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关、司法行政机关履行职责过程中主动发现；

（四）有关国家机关移送的案件线索；

（五）其他线索来源。

第九条　  虚假诉讼刑事案件由相关虚假民事诉讼案件的受理法院所在地或者执行法院所在地人民法院管辖。有刑法第三百零七条之一第四款情形的，上级人民法院可以指定下级人民法院将案件移送其他人民法院审判。

前款所称相关虚假民事诉讼案件的受理法院，包括该民事案件的一审、二审和再审法院。

虚假诉讼刑事案件的级别管辖，根据刑事诉讼法的规定确定。

第十条　  人民法院、人民检察院向公安机关移送涉嫌虚假诉讼犯罪案件，应当附下列材料：

（一）案件移送函，载明移送案件的人民法院或者人民检察院名称、民事案件当事人名称和案由、所处民事诉讼阶段、民事案件办理人及联系电话等。案件移送函应当附移送材料清单和回执，经人民法院或者人民检察院负责人批准后，加盖人民法院或者人民检察院公章；

（二）移送线索的情况说明，载明案件来源、当事人信息、涉嫌虚假诉讼犯罪的事实、法律依据等，并附相关证据材料；

（三）与民事案件有关的诉讼材料，包括起诉书、答辩状、庭审笔录、调查笔录、谈话笔录等。

人民法院、人民检察院应当指定专门职能部门负责涉嫌虚假诉讼犯罪案件的移送。

人民法院将涉嫌虚假诉讼犯罪案件移送公安机关的，同时将有关情况通报同级人民检察院。

第十一条　  人民法院、人民检察院认定民事诉讼当事人和其他诉讼参与人的行为涉嫌虚假诉讼犯罪，除民事诉讼当事人、其他诉讼参与人或者案外人的陈述、证言外，一般还应有物证、书证或者其他证人证言等证据相印证。

第十二条　  人民法院、人民检察院将涉嫌虚假诉讼犯罪案件有关材料移送公安机关的，接受案件的公安机关应当出具接受案件的回执或者在案件移送函所附回执上签收。

公安机关收到有关材料后，分别作出以下处理:

（一）认为移送的案件材料不全的，应当在收到有关材料之日起三日内通知移送的人民法院或者人民检察院在三日内补正。不得以材料不全为由不接受移送案件；

（二）认为有犯罪事实，需要追究刑事责任的，应当在收到有关材料之日起三十日内决定是否立案，并通知移送的人民法院或者人民检察院；

（三）认为有犯罪事实，但是不属于自己管辖的，应当立即报经县级以上公安机关负责人批准，在二十四小时内移送有管辖权的机关处理，并告知移送的人民法院或者人民检察院。对于必须采取紧急措施的，应当先采取紧急措施，然后办理手续，移送主管机关；

（四）认为没有犯罪事实，或者犯罪情节显著轻微不需要追究刑事责任的，或者具有其他依法不追究刑事责任情形的，经县级以上公安机关负责人批准，不予立案，并应当说明理由，制作不予立案通知书在三日内送达移送的人民法院或者人民检察院，退回有关材料。

第十三条　  人民检察院依法对公安机关的刑事立案实行监督。

人民法院对公安机关的不予立案决定有异议的，可以建议人民检察院进行立案监督。

第四章　程序衔接

第十四条　  人民法院向公安机关移送涉嫌虚假诉讼犯罪案件，民事案件必须以相关刑事案件的审理结果为依据的，应当依照民事诉讼法第一百五十条第一款第五项的规定裁定中止诉讼。刑事案件的审理结果不影响民事诉讼程序正常进行的，民事案件应当继续审理。

第十五条　  刑事案件裁判认定民事诉讼当事人的行为构成虚假诉讼犯罪，相关民事案件尚在审理或者执行过程中的，作出刑事裁判的人民法院应当及时函告审理或者执行该民事案件的人民法院。

人民法院对于与虚假诉讼刑事案件的裁判存在冲突的已经发生法律效力的民事判决、裁定、调解书，应当及时依法启动审判监督程序予以纠正。

第十六条　  公安机关依法自行立案侦办虚假诉讼刑事案件的，应当在立案后三日内将立案决定书等法律文书和相关材料复印件抄送对相关民事案件正在审理、执行或者作出生效裁判文书的人民法院并说明立案理由，同时通报办理民事案件人民法院的同级人民检察院。对相关民事案件正在审理、执行或者作出生效裁判文书的人民法院应当依法审查，依照相关规定做出处理，并在收到材料之日起三十日内将处理意见书面通报公安机关。

公安机关在办理刑事案件过程中，发现犯罪嫌疑人还涉嫌实施虚假诉讼犯罪的，可以一并处理。需要逮捕犯罪嫌疑人的，由侦查该案件的公安机关提请同级人民检察院审查批准；需要提起公诉的，由侦查该案件的公安机关移送同级人民检察院审查决定。

第十七条　  有管辖权的公安机关接受民事诉讼当事人、诉讼代理人和其他诉讼参与人、利害关系人、其他自然人、法人和非法人组织的报案、控告、举报或者在履行职责过程中发现存在虚假诉讼犯罪嫌疑的，可以开展调查核实工作。经县级以上公安机关负责人批准，公安机关可以依照有关规定拷贝电子卷或者查阅、复制、摘录人民法院的民事诉讼卷宗，人民法院予以配合。

公安机关在办理刑事案件过程中，发现犯罪嫌疑人还涉嫌实施虚假诉讼犯罪的，适用前款规定。

第十八条　  人民检察院发现已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定、调解书系民事诉讼当事人通过虚假诉讼获得的，应当依照民事诉讼法第二百零八条第一款、第二款等法律和相关司法解释的规定，向人民法院提出再审检察建议或者抗诉。

第十九条　  人民法院对人民检察院依照本意见第十八条的规定提出再审检察建议或者抗诉的民事案件，应当依照民事诉讼法等法律和相关司法解释的规定处理。按照审判监督程序决定再审、需要中止执行的，裁定中止原判决、裁定、调解书的执行。

第二十条　  人民检察院办理民事诉讼监督案件过程中，发现存在虚假诉讼犯罪嫌疑的，可以向民事诉讼当事人或者案外人调查核实有关情况。有关单位和个人无正当理由拒不配合调查核实、妨害民事诉讼的，人民检察院可以建议有关人民法院依照民事诉讼法第一百一十一条第一款第五项等规定处理。

人民检察院针对存在虚假诉讼犯罪嫌疑的民事诉讼监督案件依照有关规定调阅人民法院的民事诉讼卷宗的，人民法院予以配合。通过拷贝电子卷、查阅、复制、摘录等方式能够满足办案需要的，可以不调阅诉讼卷宗。

人民检察院发现民事诉讼监督案件存在虚假诉讼犯罪嫌疑的，可以听取人民法院原承办人的意见。

第二十一条　  对于存在虚假诉讼犯罪嫌疑的民事案件，人民法院可以依职权调查收集证据。

当事人自认的事实与人民法院、人民检察院依职权调查并经审理查明的事实不符的，人民法院不予确认。

第五章　责任追究

第二十二条　  对于故意制造、参与虚假诉讼犯罪活动的民事诉讼当事人和其他诉讼参与人，人民法院应当加大罚款、拘留等对妨害民事诉讼的强制措施的适用力度。

民事诉讼当事人、其他诉讼参与人实施虚假诉讼，人民法院向公安机关移送案件有关材料前，可以依照民事诉讼法的规定先行予以罚款、拘留。

对虚假诉讼刑事案件被告人判处罚金、有期徒刑或者拘役的，人民法院已经依照民事诉讼法的规定给予的罚款、拘留，应当依法折抵相应罚金或者刑期。

第二十三条　  人民检察院可以建议人民法院依照民事诉讼法的规定，对故意制造、参与虚假诉讼的民事诉讼当事人和其他诉讼参与人采取罚款、拘留等强制措施。

第二十四条　  司法工作人员利用职权参与虚假诉讼的，应当依照法律法规从严处理；构成犯罪的，依法从严追究刑事责任。

第二十五条　  司法行政机关、相关行业协会应当加强对律师、基层法律服务工作者、司法鉴定人、公证员、仲裁员的教育和管理，发现上述人员利用职务之便参与虚假诉讼的，应当依照规定进行行政处罚或者行业惩戒；构成犯罪的，依法移送司法机关处理。律师、基层法律服务工作者、司法鉴定人、公证员、仲裁员利用职务之便参与虚假诉讼的，依照有关规定从严追究法律责任。

人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关在办理案件过程中，发现律师、基层法律服务工作者、司法鉴定人、公证员、仲裁员利用职务之便参与虚假诉讼，尚未构成犯罪的，可以向司法行政机关、相关行业协会或者上述人员所在单位发出书面建议。司法行政机关、相关行业协会或者上述人员所在单位应当在收到书面建议之日起三个月内作出处理决定，并书面回复作出书面建议的人民法院、人民检察院或者公安机关。

第六章　协作机制

第二十六条　  人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关、司法行政机关探索建立民事判决、裁定、调解书等裁判文书信息共享机制和信息互通数据平台，综合运用信息化手段发掘虚假诉讼违法犯罪线索，逐步实现虚假诉讼违法犯罪案件信息、数据共享。

第二十七条　  人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关、司法行政机关落实“谁执法谁普法”的普法责任制要求，通过定期开展法治宣传、向社会公开发布虚假诉讼典型案例、开展警示教育等形式，增强全社会对虚假诉讼违法犯罪的防范意识，震慑虚假诉讼违法犯罪。

第七章　附则

第二十八条　  各省、自治区、直辖市高级人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关、司法行政机关可以根据本地区实际情况，制定实施细则。

第二十九条　  本意见自2021年3月10日起施行。

最高人民法院  最高人民检察院 公安部  司法部

2021年3月4日

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1 In order to further strengthen the punishment of false litigation crimes, maintain judicial justice and authority, protect the legitimate rights and interests of natural persons, legal persons, and unincorporated organizations, and promote the construction of social integrity, in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Handling Criminal Cases of False Litigation, and in combination with the actual work, this Opinion is formulated.

Article 2 The false litigation crime referred to in this Opinion refers to the behavior of an individual acting alone or colluding with others, using means such as forging evidence, making false statements, fabricating basic facts of civil cases, fabricating civil disputes, initiating civil lawsuits with the people’s court, disrupting judicial order, or seriously infringing upon the legitimate rights and interests of others, and engaging in behavior punishable by law.

Article 3 People’s courts, people’s procuratorates, public security organs, and judicial administrative organs shall be responsible for and cooperate in accordance with their statutory duties, strengthen communication and coordination, and if they find possible false litigation crimes in the performance of their duties, they shall promptly report the situation to each other and jointly prevent and punish false litigation crimes.

Chapter II Identification and Discovery of False Litigation Crimes

Article 4 If a person commits the act of fabricating facts as prescribed in Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 1 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Handling Criminal Cases of False Litigation, and one of the following circumstances exists, it shall be deemed as “initiating civil litigation with fabricated facts” as prescribed in Paragraph 1 of Article 307(1) of the Criminal Law:

(1) Filing a civil lawsuit;

(2) Applying to the people’s court for a declaration of missing status, a declaration of death, a determination of the lack of civil capacity of a citizen, a restriction on civil capacity, a determination of unclaimed property, confirmation of a mediation agreement, realization of secured property rights, application for payment orders, or application for public notice;

(3) Adding independent litigation requests or counterclaims during the civil litigation process, or a third party with independent litigation rights filing litigation requests related to the case;

(4) Declaring claims in bankruptcy proceedings;

(5) Applying for civil retrials by third parties to the case;

(6) Applying to the people’s court for the execution of arbitration awards or notarized debt instruments;

(7) Objecting to the enforcement target by a third party in the civil enforcement process, or creditors applying to participate in the distribution of property in the civil enforcement process;

(8) Initiating civil lawsuits by fabricating basic facts of civil cases and fabricating civil disputes through other means.

Article 5 People’s courts and people’s procuratorates shall focus on the following types of civil cases that are prone to false litigation crimes in the performance of their duties:

(1) Civil disputes over private lending;

(2) Cases involving debt repayment using property in housing restriction areas or quotas for motor vehicle allocation;

(3) Property disputes with one party to divorce litigation as the defendant;

(4) Property disputes with natural persons, legal persons, or unincorporated organizations that are already insolvent or have been listed as defendants in enforcement proceedings;

(5) Divorce, division of family property, inheritance, and house sale contract disputes involving individuals within the scope of demolition and relocation;

(6) Company division, merger, and enterprise bankruptcy disputes;

(7) Labor dispute cases;

(8) Cases involving the determination of well-known trademarks;

(9) Other civil cases requiring special attention.

Article 6 If a party to civil litigation has one of the following circumstances, people’s courts and people’s procuratorates shall conduct strict examination in accordance with the law in the performance of their duties, promptly identify and discover false litigation crimes:

(1) The facts and reasons on which the plaintiff’s lawsuit is based are illogical, and there is a possibility of forging evidence or making false statements;

(2) The amount of the litigation subject matter requested by the plaintiff for judicial protection is significantly inconsistent with its own economic situation;

(3) In cases that may affect the interests of third parties, there is a close kinship or common interest relationship between the parties or affiliated enterprises;

(4) There is no substantive civil rights dispute or substantive defense confrontation between the parties;

(5) One party expressly admits to unfavorable facts alleged by the other party, which is illogical;

(6) The evidence to determine the facts of the case is insufficient, but the parties quickly reach a mediation agreement on their own initiative and request the people’s court to make a mediation agreement;

(7) The parties voluntarily use property with significantly unequal prices to pay off debts;

(8) There are other abnormal situations during the civil litigation process.

Article 7 If civil litigation agents, witnesses, appraisers, and other litigation participants have one of the following circumstances, people’s courts and people’s procuratorates shall conduct strict examination in accordance with the law in the performance of their duties, promptly identify and discover false litigation crimes:

(1) Litigation agents illegally accept property or other benefits from the opposing parties or third parties, collude with the opposing parties or third parties maliciously, and infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of their clients;

(2) Intentionally providing false evidence, instigating or inducing others to forge or alter evidence, provide false evidence, or conceal or destroy evidence;

(3) Adopting other improper means to interfere with the normal conduct of civil litigation activities.

Chapter III Transfer of Clues and Case Investigation

Article 8 The sources of clues discovered by people’s courts, people’s procuratorates, public security organs, and judicial administrative organs regarding false litigation crimes include:

(1) Reports, accusations, whistleblowing, and applications for legal supervision by parties to civil litigation, litigation agents, and other litigation participants, interested parties, other natural persons, legal persons, and unincorporated organizations;

(2) When the victim has evidence to prove that the defendant has infringed upon his/her legitimate rights and interests through false litigation behavior, and there is evidence that the victim has filed a criminal complaint, but the public security organ or people’s procuratorate has not investigated the criminal responsibility of the defendant, a criminal self-prosecution submitted to the people’s court;

(3) Actively discovered during the performance of duties by people’s courts, people’s procuratorates, public security organs, and judicial administrative organs;

(4) Case clues transferred by relevant state organs;

(5) Other sources of clues.

Article 9 Criminal cases of false litigation shall be under the jurisdiction of the people’s courts in the jurisdiction of the court accepting the relevant false civil litigation case or the court where the execution is located. In cases falling under Article 307(4) of the Criminal Law, the higher people’s court may designate a lower-level people’s court to transfer the case for trial.

The court accepting the relevant false civil litigation case includes the first instance, second instance, and retrial courts of the civil case.

The jurisdiction of

作者介绍：徐鸿鹏律师，北京市隆安（深圳）律师事务所高级合伙人，原就职于北京市某检察院反贪污贿赂局。深圳市律师协会职务犯罪辩护委员会委员，北京市隆安律师事务所行政法律专业委员会副主任。专注于商事争议解决、跨境／涉外法律服务、涉比特币BITCOIN等数字货币刑事辩护、刑事合规、政府与企业法律顾问等领域，并承接处理大量相关案件。我们习惯于从商事、刑事角度，甄别企业风险，实现企业与律师的共同进步！法律咨询电话/微信：13691688640。个人法律网站：www.xuhongpenglvshi.com